Urinary Analysis Homework Assignment

Urinary Analysis Homework Assignment

A and P II Lab Report Assignment and Guidelines

After completing your experiment on Urinalysis (lab11), you will be required to write a complete lab report. These reports must give the reader some important information on the overall topic of the lab, the results obtained and the analysis of the findings. Materials and Methods must be clearly presented in paragraph form. Results must be clearly shown, summarized, and connected to the overall purpose or goal of the lab activity. Although “we” can be used, the passive voice is also acceptable. DO NOT USE THE PERSONAL PRONOUN “I” WHEN WRITING YOUR REPORT. Example:

Correct:

Three gtts (drops) of water were added to tubes 1A, 2A, and 3A.

Incorrect:

I added three gtts (drops) of water to tubes 1A, 2A, and 3A.

Each report must include all the sections listed below. A Report with all relevant sections and information should be more than 5 pages long, double spaced and written using font size 12.

1. Title page
2. Introduction (At least 1.5 pages long)
3. Materials and Methods
4. Results – Must include figures of the results with figure number and legend.
5. Discussion and Conclusion – (must include information on diseases related to the title of the lab report)
6. List of References. (APA, MLA or other accepted format)

In addition to having all required sections included with the expected information, each report will be assessed for the following;

• Context and purpose of writing – your ability to demonstrate your understanding of what you are writing and the purpose of what you are writing. Your report should also keep the audience or who will be reading your report in mind.
• Format – your ability to follow the format specified above and must include all sections with each section containing all pertinent and sufficient information. Sections must have subheadings in bold.
• Language – Your ability to write with few errors in sentence structure and mechanics and demonstration of good to excellent command and use of language.
• Communication – Your ability to clearly organize and write a cohesive, fluent and easy to understand report.
• Analysis/Synthesis – Your ability to present a thorough summary and analysis of your results and discussing the results in context with the objective(s) of the experiment. Deviations from obtained and expected results are also discussed.
As indicated above, each lab report must have the following.

1. A title page – Include your name, course number, class day and time, the title or name of
the lab activity.

2. Introduction (Should be several paragraphs – 1.5 – 2 pages) Give some interesting and relevant background information on the topic and method that you are investigated. In this case begin by describing the system involved, both anatomy and physiology. When doing urinalysis lab, write on urinalysis, etc. Give information so a reader will know what you are working on. Use sources to add more information. Example, if your lab report is on effect of an enzyme, say what the enzymes are, their functions, their importance, where they are commonly found, etc. Be sure to mention what the objectives and the hypothesis are. Also mention the importance of testing for these molecules. You must also include in-text citations. You can include the text and other relevant sources. YOU MUST CITE USING ONE OF THE COMMON FORMATS – MLA or APA.
Example of what in-text citation should look like

Enzymes are required for most reactions taking place in the body. They are needed in reactions involved in breakdown of food (Reed, 1966), fighting of bacterial infections (Selan, 1993) and protein synthesis (Koshlandet al., 1958). Enzymes are catalysts; as a result, they speed up chemical reactions.

Or

Enzymes are required for most reactions taking place in the body. They are needed in reactions involved in breakdown of food (1), fighting of bacterial infections (2) and protein synthesis (3). Enzymes are catalysts; as a result, they speed up chemical reactions.

In one sentence state the purpose or the objective of the exercise: This is usually added at the end of your introduction.

Example:

The purpose of this lab activity was to examine the effects of digestive enzymes on their substrates. The enzyme and substrate combinations were trypsin on proteins; amylase on starch; and lipase on lipids.

3. Materials and Methods – Use the materials and methods provided in the lab manual. If you were instructed to do something different from what’s in the manual, you must mention that. THIS SECTION SHOULD BE WRITTEN IN PARAGRAPH FORM AND NOT AS A LIST. DESCRIBE WHAT YOU DID. DO NOT LIST ANYTHING. Remember DO NOT USE PERSONAL PRONOUN “I” WHEN WRITING YOUR REPORT
To examine the effect of amylase substrate specificity, six tubes were prepared with different combinations of amylase, starch, cellulose, peptidase, bacteria, and deionized water. Amylase, starch and pH 7.0 were added to Tube 1. Tube 2 had amylase, glucose and pH7.0 buffer added to it. In Tube 3, amylase, cellulose and pH7.0 were added to it. Cellulose, pH7.0 buffer and deionized water were added to Tube 4, while in Tube 5 peptidase, starch and pH7.0 buffer were added. Finally, bacteria, cellulose, and pH 7.0 buffer were added to tube six. The same amount of each reagent was added in all tubes. All tubes were incubated at 37° C for 60 minutes.

Following incubation each tube was tested for the presence of starch using potassium iodide (IKI)and reducing sugar using Benedict’s solution. To test for starch, half of each tube was added to a separate assay tube and one drop of IKI added. Color change of each assay tube was recorded after addition of IKI. To test for reducing sugar six drops of Benedicts’ reagent was added to the other half of each mixture. The tubes were then incubated in boiling water. Color change after incubation of each tube was recorded.

or

To examine the effects of amylase substrate specificity, six tubes were prepared with different combinations of enzymes, substrates, buffer, and water. Amylase, which breaks down starch, was added to tubes 1 – 3. Starch was added to tubes 1 and 5; glucose to tube 2; cellulose to tubes 3, 4 and 6; peptidase, which breaks down peptide, was added to tube 5 and bacteria to tube 6. Deionized water was added only to tube 4, while pH 7.0 buffer pH 7.0, was added to all tubes. All tubes were incubated at 37° C for 60 minutes.

Following incubation each tube was tested for the presence of starch using potassium iodide (IKI)and reducing sugar using Benedict’s solution. To test for starch, half of each tube was added to a separate assay tube and one drop of IKI added. Color change of each assay tube was recorded after addition of IKI. To test for reducing sugar six drops of Benedicts’ reagent was added to the other half of each mixture. The tubes were then incubated in boiling water. Color change after incubation of each tube was recorded.

4. Results/Data – Results are usually given in a table or graph format. In both cases there must be a number and title or legend for each. Example, a table showing the results,

5. “Table 1. Results from the enzyme specificity simulation .”.

Give a short summary of the results. Include information like

• – Which tubes were positive for what is being tested? What was the color or reaction?
• – Which tubes were negative for what is being tested? What was the color or reaction?
• – Which tubes gave any change?
Example of Results

To test for the specificity of the enzyme amylase, the substrates glucose, cellulose and starch were used. Tubes 1 and 5 had glucose; tubes 3, 4 and 6 had cellulose; while tube 2 had glucose. Amylase was added to tubes 1 – 3, peptidase which breaks down peptidase was added to tube 5 as a negative control. Tube 4 had water instead of amylase serving as a negative control. In tube six bacteria were added to examine whether these bacteria have enzymes capable of digesting starch.

After 60 minutes incubation at 37 C, only tube 5 was positive for starch as indicated by a dark blue color after addition of IKP. For the Benedict’s test, tubes 1, 2 and 6 changed to a brown- orange color after boiling, indicating they were positive for reducing sugars, compared to tubes 3 – 5.

6. Discussion/Conclusion – Discuss the results you obtained in terms of expected results and results obtained. Mention any observations you made as the experiment or activity progressed. Discuss whether the experiment went as planned. If it did not, mention what may have been the cause for the discrepancy. Give your overall opinion on the outcome of the activity. Discuss whether your hypothesis can be accepted or rejected. What could have been done to
improve the outcome of the activity? Did you learn anything special? Select a disease with similar results from the urinalysis and write a short essay on that disease. Include a description of the disease, common signs and symptoms, how the disease is diagnosed, treatment, etc….

Example

The amylase digestion test showed amylase was able to digest starch at room temperature and 37°C but not at 4°C and 55°C. This was because at 4°C the low temperature inhibited the action of amylase, while at 55°C amylase was most likely denatured. These results suggest amylase functions at specific temperature ranges. 37°C is normal temperature of the body, therefore; it makes sense that amylase was able to breakdown starch at this temperature.

7. References of Work Cited – DO NOT USE WEBADDRESSES UNLESS THEY ARE REPUTABLE AND HAVE INFORMATION NOT AVAILABLE IN REVIEWS OR TEXTS. USE ONLINE TOOLS LIKE CITATION MACHINE OR EASYBIB TO HELP FORMAT YOUR CITATIONS
Example
List of References

Koshland, D. E. (1958). Application of a theory of enzyme specificity to protein synthesis. Proceedings

of the National Academy of Sciences, 44(2), 98-104.

Selan, L., Berlutti, F., Passariello, C., Comodi-Ballanti, M. R., & Thaller, M. C. (1993). Proteolytic

enzymes: a new treatment strategy for prosthetic infections?. Antimicrobial agents and

chemotherapy, 37(12), 2618-2621.

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