Religion and Theology Essay
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5 different principles are required to fulfill this assignment
DO NOT DUPLICATE PRINCIPLES and please use the numbering below.
Using sound arguments and moral principles we have reviewed in class, explain why the utilitarian principles:
1-“most likely to survive” (pragmatic) is moral/immoral (both sides) because…(principles 1,2)
2-“best prospects” (old v young) is moral/immoral (both sides) because…(principles 3,4)
3-No matter which course is followed, list what factors Dr Frieden says are important, or “key” to such decisions
4-“Ability to pay” (insured v under or uninsured; rich v poor) is already a factor in diagnosing illness.
a) Identify the expert quoted in the article about this and how he characterizes the ethics of providing treatment on this basis
b) Cite 1 principle to explain why he is right. (principle 5)
Core principles – quick reference
1-United Nations Declaration of Human Rights
UN Human dignity; enumeration in 30 articles of universally recognized human rights (Cite by UN and article number- e.g. UN4 -19 – or preamble).
2-Stanford Encyclopedia
Avoid/prevent harm.
Golden Rule (Matthew 7:12) but also found in Leviticus 19.
Understand there are no universal moral principles.
(descriptive, applies to particular group or religion-maybe stricter codes; normative, general yet still maybe ambiguous and not universally accepted) vs. law: written, penalties, adjudicators.
3- Religious precepts (cite by Biblical/Quran chapter, verse)
10 Commandments (Exodus 20/Deuteronomy 5) Quran, teachings of Jesus and “Broader meaning of the commandments” tab.
4-Martin: oughts/shoulds
Recognition of inherent value of people –both ourselves and others (and not how others benefit us. The relationship we should have.
Happiness and self-fulfillment are achieved through caring for people and valuable activities.
Morality and self-interest are interwoven because dictates of morality tend to promote our own good.
This cultivates empathy with the greater community: sensitivity, appreciation, understanding, responsiveness; respecting human rights, fulfilling our duty to others, concern for most important values, obeying God’s commandments, looking to happiness and self-fulfillment of all (he also mentions sensitivity to suffering animals.
5- Gaudium et spes GS (Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World) paragraphs 26, 27, 30 & 31
Human dignity carries universal and inviolable rights.
Group and individual fulfillment is the objective of the common good.
The social order is founded on truth, justice and love and requires constant improvement to guard against whatever violates human dignity.
6- Dignitatis humanae (lit: human dignity) – Declaration on Religious Freedom
Nature endows us with reason and free will.
We have a moral obligation to seek the truth and act according to our conscience.
Personal and social responsibilities are rooted in justice and civility and observing moral law that respects the rights of others and our duty to the common good.
Government’s role is to safeguard the rights of all citizens
7- CCCC (Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church) 372-376 on the conscience – one can never violate their conscience but a conscience must be properly formed.
8-Augustine/ Catechism of the Catholic Church (CCC: 2482-2489)
Lying is wrong, an affront to human dignity.
To what degree depends: to help someone better than a lie to hurt someone
What is the intention?
What is the subject?
Unwitting or purposeful?
9-Aristotle
By nature, we are neither bad nor good.
Excellence of character, or moral virtue, grows by habit (compared to intellectual virtue, which grows by teaching and experience).
Moral virtue is compromised by excess or defect.
To discern: need to “find the mean,” an intermediate or balanced position.
But not every action “admits” to a mean (some things are only wrong).
10- Aquinas
Natural law inclines us toward the good.
Positive injunction: “good ought to be pursued and evil ought to be avoided.”
11-CCCC
368-moral acts: good intention and good outcome; “It is not licit to do evil so that good may result.”
369-some acts are always illicit.
374 Among three general norms: one may never do evil so that good may result from it AND charity always proceeds by way of respect for one’s neighbor and his conscience, even though this does not mean accepting as good something that is objectively evil.
The Catholic order of the Decalogue
1. I, the Lord, am your God. You shall not have other gods besides me.
2. You shall not take the name of the Lord God in vain
3. Remember to keep holy the Lord’s Day
4. Honor your father and your mother
5. You shall not kill
6. You shall not commit adultery
7. You shall not steal
8. You shall not bear false witness
9. You shall not covet your neighbor’s wife
10. You shall not covet your neighbor’s goods
Matthew 22: “Love neighbor as yourself.” Matthew 25: vitrtuous life
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