Assignment: Global Stratification Essay

Assignment: Global Stratification Essay

Assignment: Global Stratification Essay

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Fundamentally, the idea of global stratification in sociology simply connotes social stratification on an international scale. As mentioned previously, social stratification is defined as societal system of ranking people into different categories in a hierarchy. However, the present paper seeks to emphasize on global stratification, which focuses on inequalities between all nations in the globe. Essentially, inequality is experienced everywhere in the world. Apparently, some nations have always been more wealthy, powerful, and prestigious than others. As such, nations are stratified.

Predominantly, Americans have stratified countries into three categories including first world which consisted of industrially rich nations, second world comprised of less industrial countries, and third world nations consisting of non-industrial poor nations. However, these categories were coined during the cold war and they majorly reflected political ideology. After the Cold War, this stratification failed to precisely reflect the unequal distribution of resources and power among the countries. Besides, the end of Cold war brought an end to second world nations and the third world nations became extremely economically diverse to make sense (Macionis, 2017).

Due to these challenges with the old terminology, sociologists presently group the nations on the basis of gross domestic product, which majorly portrays the wealth status and standard of living in a given country. Therefore, the commonly used global stratification categories today include high, middle, and low-income nations (Macionis, 2017). This new terminology of global stratification is relevant because it mostly emphasize on economic development instead of political structure. Besides, it also portrays the relative economic development of numerous nations.

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In particular, the high-income nations entail the richest nations with uppermost overall standards of living. They are the nations that were first to develop during industrial revolution. They are characterized by huge capital and command about 64% of the total world income, which enables them to have great influence on global financial markets. This financial might is vital tool for them to control other nations. They also use of advance technology. On the other hand, middle-income countries are mostly less

industrialized compared to high-income countries but relatively more industrialized than low-income nations. Essentially, the rate of income and wealth in nations within this middle-income stratification significantly vary. As a result, this category is further divided into upper-middle-income countries and lower-middle-income countries.  Regarding the living standards, citizens in upper-middle income nations live reasonable economic circumstances than citizens in lower-middle-income countries.  Finally, low-income nations connote poor nations that are slightly industrialized and mostly practices agriculture.  The people in these countries live a distressed existence occasioned by vulnerable conditions.  There is widespread prevalence of diseases, poor housing, hunger, and other contemporary conveniences such as electricity and indoor plumbing. The life expectancy in these countries is generally extremely short.

Global stratification has created inequality by ensuring unequal access to resources and opportunities including varying living standards among nations based on their positions in the international hierarchy. Due to this hierarchy, the citizens of high-income nations generally have higher living standards compared to those in the middle-income and low-income nations.

According to (Macionis, 2017), sociologists have advanced different theories to explain the occurrence of global stratification. The first theory is modernization theory which argues that low-income countries remain poor because they stick to the conventional beliefs and thoughts, and conventional institutions and technologies including forms of governance and economic systems. Arguably, the best way to address the dire economic situations in these poor countries is to facilitate intensive economic growth.

The dependency theory on the other side attributes global poverty on colonialism and neocolonialism.  According to this theory, the global stratification has ensued because industrialized nations have exploited their poor counterparts earlier and presently by establishing transnational corporations and foreign debts. As a result, nations have experienced irregular development rates due to exploitation from rich nations. This theory stress that wealthy nations majorly attained their status by exploiting and amassing the raw materials from their colonies and other poor nations.  As such, equality can only be realized if wealthy nations can scrap debts of their former colonies and enable them to gain from their resources.

Lastly, the world systems theory advances the idea that stratification of nations into different categories is due to their interface with global economy and that the position of a given nation in the global hierarchy is an indicator of its economic development. This theory argues that industrialized nations are ranked higher since they can easily access both labor and materials from low-income countries. Middle-income countries mostly offer labor and material resources to wealthy nations, which not only benefit wealthy nations but also provide income to the middle-income economies.  However, poor nations mostly owe debts to the wealthy nations which in turn, put their populations and land at the risk of exploitation from industrialized nations.

Essentially, the global stratification and inequality has direly impacted low income nations by facilitating serious poverty issues. The poverty has become life-threatening because half of annual deaths in children below ten years in some African and Asian nations are due to poverty. Worse yet, in every ten minutes, approximately 100 people in these countries die of hunger. Per day, the number is estimated to be 25,000. In the global scale, about 1.4 billion people experience chronic hunger (Macionis, 2017). Essentially, children and women are the most vulnerable in this population.

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