Developmental Theories Assignment Help

Developmental Theories Assignment Help

Contrast social classes with respect to life chances. Consider nutrition, living conditions, education, and healthcare when comparing these.

Identify unconditioned stimulus, conditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, and conditioned response in classical conditioning in an original example of a classically conditioned behavior.

Requirements. Provide title/reference page and citations. Double-spaced, 12-point font, 1-inch margins in APA Format. Word count: 200-250.

Reference:

Lifespan Psychology. Authored by: Laura Overstreet. Located at: http://opencourselibrary.org/econ-201/. License: CC BY: Attribution

Developmental Theories

The Relationship between and Research

 What is a theory?

An explanation

Suggests what, how, or why

In development, it explains change

in us over time

A guideline for research

Helps us understand research

 It is not a fact.

Theories of Motivation

Psychodynamic Theories

Freud’s Psychosexual Theory: Background

 Freud: (b.1856- d.1939)

 Hysteria

 “talking cure”

 early childhood

 Mental illness and reality

Defense Mechanisms

 Repression

 Regression

Developmental Theories Assignment Help

 Rationalization

 Denial

 Sublimation

 Displacement

 Projection

 Reaction Formation

Freud’s Parts of the Self

 Id

 Ego

 Superego

Psychosexual Development

 Oral Stage

 Anal Stage

 Phallic Stage

 Latency Stage

 Genital Stage

Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory

 Student of Freud’s

 Emphasized the Ego

 Father of Developmental Psychology

Erikson’s First Four Stages

Developmental Theories Assignment Help

 Trust vs. Mistrust (infancy)

 Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (toddlers)

 Initiative vs. Guilt (early childhood)

 Industry vs. Inferiority (middle childhood)

Erikson’s Last Four Stages

 Identity vs. Role Confusion (teens)

 Intimacy vs. Isolation (early adulthood)

 Generativity vs. Stagnation (midlife adults)

 Integrity vs. Despair (late adults)

Test Yourself

 Who is the father of developmental psychology?

 According to Freud, which part of the self are we born with?

 At what age do we establish a basic sense of trust, per Erikson?

 Name and describe one defense mechanism.

 When does the ego develop?

 How would you test Freudian concepts?

Learning Theories

Focus on how we learn and emphasizes behaviors that can be seen rather than internal motivation

Classical Conditioning

 Ivan Pavlov

 Learning through association

 Feelings or emotions

 Gut level reactions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

Pavlov’s Dogs

One of Pavlov’s Dogs

(Robert K. Lawton)

Classical Conditioning Terms

 Before conditioning

 Unconditioned stimulus

 Unconditioned response

 After conditioning

 Conditioned stimulus

 Conditioned response

WHO CARES ABOUT PAVLOV’S DOGS?

Watson and Behaviorism

 Watson built on Pavlov’s work

 Parenting expert in the 1920s

 Kids can be taught to love or hate anything!

 Little Albert

Who Else Cares?

ADVERTIZERS

Operant Conditioning

 Why repeat actions?

 Law of Effect

 Reinforcement not criticism

Reinforcers

 Reinforcer defined

 Intrinsic or primary reinforcers

 Extrinsic or secondary reinforcers

Primary or Secondary?

Food College Degree Money

Big House Hug Car

Job Compliment Award

Positive Reinforcers

 Adding

 An example?

 How do you positively reinforce others?

Negative Reinforcers

 Subtraction

 An example?

 How do you negatively reinforce others?

Punishment

 Stopping behavior

 Less effective than reinforcers.

 Suppresses rather than stops

 Doesn’t indicate desired behavior.

 Leads to a focus on mistakes.

SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY

Developmental Theories Assignment Help

Social Learning Theory

 Learn from others without conditioning

 Modeling

 Albert Bandura and the Bobo Doll Experiment on Aggression

How did you learn?

 To kiss?

 To drive?

 To be afraid of the dark?

 To do your job?

Cognitive Theories

How thinking changes over time

Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development

 “father of cognitive psychology”

 how children think and reason

 Maturation

Piaget’s Principles: Equilibrium

Cognitive Equilibrium:

A balance between what we see and what we know

Piaget’s Principles: Schema

Schema:

Mental box containing a concept

Piaget’s Principles: Assimilation

Assimilation:

Similarity between what we see and what we already know

Piaget’s Principles: Accommodation

Accommodation:

Changing our mind to adjust to new people, objects, experiences, etc.

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development

 Sensorimotor (birth to 2)

 Preoperational (early childhood)

 Concrete operational (middle childhood)

 Formal Operational (adolescence or adulthood)

Sociocultural Theory: Vygotsky

 Cognitive abilities change with guidance

 Scaffolding

 Zone of Proximal Development: potential

Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Model

A focus on context

The Ecological Systems Model

 Microsystems

 Mesosystems

 Exosystems

 Macrosystems

 Chronosystems

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