4663 Tourism, Environment and Development

 

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4663 Tourism, Environment and Development

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4663 Tourism, Environment and Development

4663 Chap 11

Page 5 of 5

CHAPTER 11 – TOURISM, ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT

  1. GROWTH OF TOURISM IN THE CARIBBEAN
  2. QUALITY NICHE MARKETS (early 1900s – 1950)
  3. Caribbean viewed as quality, luxury, “niche” destination
  4. Main touristswere the upper class and wealthy:
  5. British royalty (visiting Jamaica and Barbados)
  6. The French (to Martinique)
  7. Americans (to Cuba and the Bahamas)
  8. RISE OF MASS TOURISM (after 1950s)
  9. MASS TOURISM:
  10. Defined as: the promotion of tourism as a Caribbean commodity targeted at a wide variety of customers
  11. Increased after the 1950s
  12. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE RISE OF MASS TOURISM
  13. Regular non-stop jet serviceto the Caribbean from North America and Europe
  14. Caribbean governments concern about the decline in agriculture
  15. The success of the luxury niche market in the region
  16. Increase the buying power/disposable incomes of middle classes in Europe and N. America

iii. CARIBBEAN GOVERNMENTS’ RESPONSE TO MASS TOURISM

  1. Governments allowed outside “experts” to control the industry.
  2. Governments allowed exclusive tourist enclavesto be established. Rich US and European individuals could purchase prime properties and even entire islands (e.g. Paradise Island)
  3. Governments granted incentives to foreign investors to build and manage local hotels to satisfy demand for tourists.

Continued

  1. TOURISM INDUSTRY DURING 1970s – 1980s
  2. 1970s
  3. Increases in operating costs of hotels and resorts managementled to reevaluation of investment returns
  4. Assessment of the negative impact of tourismbegan. Negative impact included:
  • wasteful spending/lifestyle of the tourists
  • racial attitudes
  • incompatible sexual/moral lifestyles
  1. 1980s
  2. Tourism sectors impacted by global recession
  3. Industry Impacted by major hurricanesin late 1980s
  4. Caribbean significantly increased in importance in the N. American cruise industry
  5. Several international government, research, and trade organizations formed involving many Caribbean countries, e.g. Caribbean Tourism Organization (CTO), Caribbean Hotel Association
  6. Government leaders began incorporating research done by CTOin their countries’ development plans.
  7. Increase in use of regional cooperationinstead of regional competition
  8. Government promotion of tourism diversification(i.e. moving beyond traditional markets) e.g. ecotourism, historical attractions
  9. Governments formed partnershipswith:
  • hotel associations
  • international corporations (hotel chains, travel agencies, airlines)
  1. Increase in resorts built in areas outside normal tourist destinations
  2. TOURISM TODAY
  3. 1990s to present
  4. “New tourism” – new class of tourists searching for a difference

Continued

  1. 1990s to present (Continued)
  2. New tourists considered modern-day version of wealthy niche market tourists
  3. Services offered to “new tourists” include:
  • sport tourism
  • scuba diving
  • marina services/yachting
  • cultural (music festivals)
  • conventions for professional associations
  1. Tourism classified as the major economic sectorin many Caribbean countries

OMIT P. 416 to the top of p 421.

  1. THEORETICAL MODELS OF CARIBBEAN TOURISM EVOLUTION

NOTE: I will only focus on the following model (p. 421)

  1. DESTINATION LIFE CYCLE– describes the various stages of tourist resorts/economies development
  2. EXPLORATION STAGE
  3. small numbers of tourists
  4. attractiveness is the country’s natural or historical landscapes
  5. little tourist/locals interaction
  6. little impact on local social life
  7. INVOLVEMENT STAGE
  8. Locals build small hotels and guest houses
  9. Higher interaction between locals and tourists
  10. Tourism emerging as an economic sector
  11. Government begins development of infrastructure

iii. DEVELOPMENT STAGE

  1. Rapid growth in the industry
  2. Organized promotional efforts by tourist agencies (e.g. tourism boards)
  3. Domestic ownership and control of tourist assets decline while international ownership increases
  4. Importation of some “artificial” attractions to supplement natural attractions (e.g. amusement parks)
  5. CONSOLIDATION STAGE
  6. Rate of increase of tourist visits decline
  7. Tourism accounts for major portion of economic activity
  8. Tourism-related assets are at near capacity
  9. Needs of locals are secondary to needs of tourists
  10. DESTINATION LIFE CYCLE (Continued)
  11. STAGNATION STAGE
  12. Peak of tourism evolution
  13. Visitors are at maximum
  14. Many social, economic, and environmental problems
  15. “Artificial” attractions replace natural attractions
  16. New tourist development takes place away from established resort areas.
  17. DECLINING STAGE
  18. Areas suffer from over-capacity, over-building
  19. May require government intervention to solve problem

vii. REJUVENTATION STAGE

  1. Takes place if declining stage is actively prevented
  2. Attempt to repackage and renovate older attractions
  3. Attempt to appeal to a new set of tourists (e.g. by converting to casinos, etc)

OMIT FROM “ A THREE-STAGE MODEL OF TOURISM STYLES” p. 423 to the top of p. 426

  1. THE COMMODIFICATION OF TOURISM
  2. COMMODIFICATION (p. 426)
  3. Defined as: using various institutions to organize international tourism with the express purpose of creating, coordinating, regulating, and distributing “exchange values” rather than “use values”

(i.e.) using the various local and international agencies, companies, etc. to create, coordinate, regulate and distribute a “product” that is “sold” and not just “used” e.g. going to a “beach resort” for relaxation and entertainment instead of just going to the beach.

  1. COMMODIFICATION includes
  2. Commodification of Place
  • Defined: physical objects (e.g. places, sites, buildings, recreational land, etc. become the saleable commodity or “product”
  • Property can be leased or sold to generate profits (e.g. a beachfront hotel with private beach access)
  1. Commodification of Leisure
  • Defined: the tourist experience or geographical attributes of the country become the saleable commodity or “product” (i.e. intangible goods)
  1. Commodification of Leisure (Continued)
  • Examples – visiting a national park, a zoo, going on a tour.
  1. SUSTAINABLE TOURISM IN THE CARIBBEAN
  2. IMPACT OF TOURISM ON THE ISLANDS – the impact of having open, mass tourism on small, closed environments. Problems include
  3. Creates income disparity(i.e. widening gap of rich vs. poor e.g. property owners using former government-owned resources to make large profits while paying low wages to local people)
  4. Creates resource use imbalances (pristine coastlines and marine lands replaced by services and non-productive real estate speculation) e.g. beachfront hotels with private beach access)
  5. Cultural clasheswith local morals
  6. Overloading local ecological systems (e.g. solid waste, pollution, traffic etc) especially during peak seasons
  7. Local businesses’ focus on increasing tourist arrivals with no regard for social or ecological limits of the area.
  8. POLICIES TO IMPROVE SUCCESS OF MASS TOURISM
  9. Government should put environmental protection first
  10. Make tourism a leading sector (note: this is already being done by most governments)
  11. Strengthen marketing and distribution channels
  12. Improving the private sector
  13. Extend governments’ economicdecision-making sessions to include
  • private sector
  • Local communities/citizens
  • NGOs

OMIT “ECOTOURISM …” middle of p. 430 to the end of the chapter.

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